Études sur les taux de mortalité après remise à l'eau

Stripers for the Future by John Tiedemann & Andy Danylchuk. 2013.
Employing Best Practices to Increase the Survival of Released Striped Bass

Aalbers, S.A., G.M. Stutzer and M.A. Drawbridge. 2004. The effects of catch-and-release angling on the growth and survival of juvenile white seabass captures on offset circle and J-type hooks. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24: 793-800.

Archer, D.L. and H.A. Loyacano, Jr. 1975. Initial and delayed mortalities of largemouth bass captured in the 1973 National Keowee B.A.S.S. tournament. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Agencies 28: 90-96.

Barthel, B.L., S.J. Cooke, C.D. Suski and D.P. Philipp. 2003. Effects of landing net mesh type on injury and mortality in a freshwater recreational fishery. Fisheries Research 63: 275-282.

Barwick, D.H. 1985. Stocking and hooking mortality of planted rainbow trout in Jocassee Reservoir, South Carolina. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5: 580-583.

Beggs, G.L., G.F. Holeton and E.J. Crossman. 1980. Some physiological consequences of angling stress in muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill. Journal of Fish Biology 17: 649-659.

Bendock, T. and M. Alexandersdottir (1993). "Hooking mortality of chinook salmon released in the Kenai River, Alaska." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(3): 540-549.
Abstract : Short-term (5-d) mortality of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha caught and released in the Kenai River was assessed with radio-telemetry. From 1989 to 1991, 446 adult chinook salmon were tagged with radio transmitters in four experiments. Overall hooking mortality averaged 7.6% and ranged from 10.6% in 1989 to 4.1% in 1991. Mortality was highest for small males ( lt 750 mm mid-eye length) compared with large males and all females. Wound location and bleeding were the factors principally associated with mortality. Survival of chinook salmon that were hooked in the gills or were bleeding was significantly reduced; however, the frequency of these injuries was small in all experiments. Most mortalities occurred within 72 h of release. These results support the use of hook-and -release regulations in similar freshwater chinook salmon fisheries to reduce sportfishing mortality effectively and achieve spawning escapement goals.

Bennett, D.H., L.K. Dunsmoor, R.E. Rohrer and B.E. Rieman. 1989. Mortality of tournament-caught largemouth and smallmouth bass in Idaho lakes and reservoirs. California Fish and Game 75: 20-26.

Bettoli, P.W. and R.S. Osborne. 1998. Hooking mortality and behavior of striped bass following catch and release angling. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18: 609-615.

Bettoli, P.W., C.S. Vandergoot and P.T. Horner. 2000. Hooking mortality of saugers in the Tennessee River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20: 833-837.

Boland, T.L. 1994. The differential return rates of walleye tagged during tournament fishing and Iowa DNR electrofishing on pools 12 and 13, upper Mississippi River, 1991-1993. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries, Bellevue Fisheries Station, 17 p.

Booth, R.K., J.D. Kieffer, K. Davidson, A.T. Bielak and B.L. Tufts. 1994. Effects of late-season catch and release angling on anaerobic metabolism, acid-base status, survival, and gamete viability in wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 283-290.

Bugley, K. and G. Shepherd. 1991. Effect of catch-and-release angling on the survival of black sea bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11: 468-471.

Burdick, B. and R. Wydoski. 1989. Effects of hooking mortality on a bluegill fishery in a western reservoir. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing – A Decade of Experience, pp 187-196. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata, California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Burkholder, A. 1992. Mortality of northern pike captured and released with sport fishing gear. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fisheries Data Series No. 92-3.

Butler, J.A. and R.E. Loeffel. 1972. Experimental use of barbless hooks in Oregon's troll salmon fishery. Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission Bulletin 8: 23-30.

Childress, W.M. 1989a. Hooking mortality of white bass, striped bass white bass x striped hybrid bass and red drum. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Final Report. F-31-R-15.

Childress, W.M. 1989b. Catch-and-release mortality of white and black crappie. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing - A Decade of Experience, pp 175-186. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D. Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Clapp, D.F. and R.D. Clark Jr. 1989. Hooking mortality of smallmouth bass caught on live minnows and artificial spinners. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9: 81-85.

Clark, R.A. 1991. Mortality of Arctic grayling captured and released with sport fishing gear. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fisheries Data Series No. 91-59.

Colvin, M.A. 1991. Evaluation of minimum-size limits and reduced daily limits on the crappie populations and fisheries in five large Missouri reservoirs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11: 585-597.

Cooke, S.J. and W. J. Hogle. 2000. Effects of retention gear on the injury and short-term mortality of adult smallmouth bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20: 1033-1039.

Cooke, S.J., K.G. Ostrand, C.M. Bunt, J.F. Schreer, D.H. Wahl and D.P. Philipp. 2003a. Cardiovascular responses of largemouth bass to exhaustive exercise and brief air exposure over a range of water temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 1154-1165.

Cooke, S.J., D.P. Philipp, K.M. Dunmall and J.F. Schreer. 2001. The influence of terminal tackle on injury, handling time, and cardiac disturbance of rock bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21: 333-342.

Cooke, S.J., D.P. Philipp, J.F. Schreer and R.S. McKinley. 2000. Locomotory impairment of nesting male largemouth bass following catch-and-release angling. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20: 968-977.

Cooke, S.J., C.D. Suski, B.L. Barthel, K.G. Ostrand, B.L. Tufts and D.P. Philipp. 2003b. Injury and mortality induced by four hook types on bluegill and pumpkinseed. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 883-893.

Cooke, S.J. and C.D. Suski. 2004. Are circle hooks an effective tool for conserving marine and freshwater recreational catch-and-release fisheries? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14: 299-326.

Dedual, M. (1996). "Observed mortality of rainbow trout caught by different angling techniques in Lake Taupo, New Zealand." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16(2): 357-363.
Abstract : Angling mortality was assessed for Lake Taupo wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss caught by four different trolling techniques and released. Observed cumulative mortalities 48-53 h after hooking were 15.3% for downrigger, 14.0% for wire line, 7.8% for lead line, and 2.2% for harling. Both immediate and delayed mortalities for each method are discussed. Ninety-three percent of the total mortality occurred within 26 h after release. Hooking injuries, playing time, transit time, depth atcapture, and fish length were not significant causes of mortality.
Potential sources of bias in mortality rate estimates are discussed.

Dextrase, A.J. and H.E. Ball. 1991. Hooking mortality of lake trout angled through the ice. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11: 477-479.

Diodata, P.J. 1991. Estimating mortality of hooked and released striped bass. National Marine Fisheries Service, AFC-22.

Dotson, T. 1982. Mortalities in trout caused by gear type and angler-induced stress. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2: 60-65.

DuBois, R.B., T.L. Margenau, R.S. Stewart, P.K. Cunningham and P.W. Rasmussen. 1994. Hooking mortality of northern pike angled through ice. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 769-775.

Dunmall, K.M., S.J. Cooke, J.F. Schreer and R.S. McKinley. 2001. The effect of scented lures on the hooking injury and mortality of smallmouth bass caught by novice and experienced anglers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21: 242-248.

Ellis, G. 2000. Do winter walleye survive release? Ontario Out of Doors 32:46-51.

Faccin, A. 1983. Hooking mortality of fly-caught Duncan River rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Harper Lake, British Columbia. British Columbia Fish and Wildlife, Fisheries Technical Circular 58.

Falk, M.R. and D.V. Gillman. 1975. Mortality data for angled Arctic grayling and northern pike from the Great Slave Lake area, Northwest Territories. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canada Department of Environmental Fisheries and Marine Services, Technical Report CEN/D-75-1.

Falk, M.R., D.V. Gillman and L.W. Dahlke. 1974. Comparison of mortality between barbed and barbless hooked lake trout. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canada Department of Environemtnal Fisheries and Marine Services, Technical Report CEN/T-74-1.

Ferguson, R.A. and B.L. Tufts. 1992. Physiological effects of brief air exposure in exhaustively exercised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): implications for "catch and release" fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1157-1162.

Fielder, D.G. and B.A. Johnson. 1992. Weigh-in, delayed and total mortality of walleyes at two live-release fishing tournaments on Lake Oahe, South Dakota. South Dakota Game and Fish Parks Department, Special Report No. 92-5.

Fletcher, D.H. 1987. Hooking mortality of walleye captured in Porcupine Bay, Washington. North American Journal Fisheries Management 7: 594-596.

Gjernes, T., A. R. Kronlund, et al. (1993). "Mortality of chinook and coho salmon in their first year of ocean life following catch and release by anglers." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(3): 524-539.
Abstract : The mortality of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch in their first year of ocean life following catch and release by anglers was examined. Five factors were recorded for each landed fish: species, hook type, barb type, injury location, and mortality. For the first time, a recursive causal model was used to analyze hooking mortality data. The data suggest that hooking mortality isbetter described by a two -stage process than by traditional logistic models.Injury location is affected by hook type and barb type in the first stage, and mortality is affected by injury location and species in the second stage. Overall estimated mortality following release from sportfishing gear was approximately 30% for chinook salmon and 14% for coho salmon.

Goeman, T.J. 1991. Walleye mortality during a live-release tournament on Mille Lacs, Minnesota. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11: 57-61.

Gustaveson, A.W., R.S. Wydoski and G.A. Wedemeyer. 1991. Physiological response of largemouth bass to angling stress. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120: 629-636.

Harrell, R.M. 1988. Catch and release mortality of striped bass with artificial lures and baits. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 41: 70-75.

Hartley, R.A. and J. R. Moring. 1991. Initial and delayed mortality of largemouth and smallmouth basses due to tournaments. In: Warmwater Fisheries Symposium I, pp. 269-272. (Cooper, J.L.and R.H. Hamre, Eds.). Fort Colins, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forestry Service, General Technical Report RM-207.

Hegen, H.E. and A.W. Green. 1983. Handling and tagging survival of hook-caught spotted seatrout held in cages. Proceedings of the Texas Chapter of the American Fisheries Society 5: 39-53.

Hegen, H.E. G.E. Saul and G.C. Matlock. 1987. Survival of hook-caught spotted seatrout. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of the Fish and Wildlife Agencies 38: 488-494.

Hubbard, W.D. and L.E. Miranda. 1991. Mortality of white crappie after catch and release. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 43: 49-55.

Hulbert, P.J. and R. Engstrom-Heg. 1980. Hooking mortality of worm-caught hatchery brown trout. New York Fish and Game Journal 27: 1-10.

Hunsaker, D., II., L.F. Marnell and P. Sharpe. 1970. Hooking mortality of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Progressive Fish Culturist 32: 231-235.

Hysmith, B.T., J.H. Moczygemba and G.R. Wilde. 1992. Hooking mortality of striped bass in Lake Texoma, Texas-Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 46: 413-420.

Jackson, J.J. and D.W. Willis. 1991. Short-term mortality of smallmouth bass caught during a live-release tournament at Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 23: 201-204.

Jenkins Jr., T.M. 2003. Evaluating recent innovations in bait fishing tackle and technique for catch and release of rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 23: 1098-1107.

Kerr, S.J. 2001. A review of “fizzing”- a technique for swim bladder deflation. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries Section, Peterborough, Ontario, 13 p.

Klein, W.D. 1965. Mortality of rainbow trout caught on single and treble hooks and released. Progressive Fish Culturist 27: 171-172.

Lawson, P. W. and D. B. Sampson (1996). "Gear-related mortality in selective fisheries for ocean salmon." North American Journal of FisheriesManagement 16(3): 512-520.
Abstract : In ocean fisheries for Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., there can be several forms of gear-related mortality. Much research effort hasbeen directed at estimating mortality rates for salmon that are hooked and thenreleased. Also potentially important but not easily measured is mortality of fish that escape from the hook before being brought to the boat or fish that are removed from the hook by predators, so-called "drop offs." In selective fisheries in which some hatchery-bred fish are marked for retention and unmarked fish legally must be released, the actual mortality rate suffered by unmarked fish depends on the harvest rate for the marked fish, the accuracy of mark recognition, and the proportion of marked and unmarked fish when fishing begins. This paper develops a model for evaluating gear-related mortality in selective fisheries and explores the potential importance of several sources of mortality.Mortality rates for unmarked fish are generally lower than the apparent harvest rates but increase rapidly as harvest rates increase. In the overall mortality of unmarked fish, drop-off mortality could be as important as hook-and -release mortality.

Lee, D.P. 1989. Mortality of tournament caught and released black bass in California. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing - A Decade of Experience, pp. 207-216. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D. Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata, California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Loftus, A.J., W.W. Taylor and M. Keller. 1988. An evaluation of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) hooking mortality in the upper Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1473-1479.

Marnell, L.F. and D. Hunsaker, II. 1970. Hooking mortality of lure-caught cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in relation to water temperature, fatigue, and reproductive maturity of released fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99: 684-688.

Martin, J.H., K.W. Rice and L.W. McEachron. 1987a. Survival of three fishes caught on trotlines. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Management Data Serial No. 111.

Martin, J.H., L.W. McEachron, J.F. Doerzbacher, K.W. Rice and J.M. Mambretti. 1987b. Comparison of trotline catches on four bait types in the Laguna Madre during June-August 1985. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Manage. Data Ser. No. 124.

Mason, J.W. and R.L. Hunt. 1967. Mortality rates of deeply hooked rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 29: 87-91.

Matlock, G.C. and J.A. Dailey. 1981. Survival of hook-caught spotted seatrout held in cages. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Management Data Serial No. 15.

Matlock, G.C., L.W. McEachron, J.A. Dailey, P.A. Unger and P. Chai. 1993. Short-term hooking mortalities of red drums and spotted seatrout caught on single-barb and treble hooks. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13: 186-189.

May, B.E. 1973. Evaluation of large-scale release programs with special reference to bass fishing tournaments. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 26: 325-329.

May, E. 1990. An evaluation of angler induced mortality of striped bass in Maryland. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, AFC-18-1.

Meals, K. O. and L. E. Miranda. 1994. Size-related mortality of tournament-caught largemouth bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 460-463.

Milne, D.J. and E.A.R. Ball. 1956. The mortality of small salmon when caught by trolling and tagged or released untagged. In: Progress Reports of Pacific Coast Salmon Stations, No. 106, pp. 10-12. Nanaimo, British Columbia: Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Muoneke, M.I. 1991. Seasonal hooking mortality of Guadalupe bass caught on artificial lures. In: Warmwater Fisheries Symposium I, pp. 273-277. (Cooper, J.L. and R.H. Hamre, Eds.). Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forestry Service, General Technical Report RM-207.

Muoneke, M.I. 1992a. Hooking mortality of white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, and spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque), in Texas reservoirs. Aquaculture Fisheries Management 23: 87-93.

Muoneke, M.I. 1992b. Seasonal hooking mortality of bluegills caught on natural baits. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12: 645-649.

Muoneke, M.I. 1993. Seasonal hooking mortality of flathead catfish and blue catfish. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 45: 392-398.

Muoneke, M. I. and W. M. Childress (1994). "Hooking mortality: A review for recreational fisheries." Rev. Fish. Sci 2(2): 123-156.
Abstract : Length-limit regulations and promotion of catch-and-release fishing have become increasingly important management approaches for recreational fisheries. We review studies on catch-and-release (hooking) mortality gathered from the existing fisheries literature and from a survey of fisheries management agencies in all 50 states, the U.S. government, all Canadian provinces, and selected academic and research institutions. We identified hooking mortality estimates for 32 taxa. Most studies dealt with salmonids, centrarchids (especially black basses, Micropterus spp.), and percids (especially walleye, Stizostedion vitreum). Within and among species, differences in percent mortality were reported in association with bait type (artificial vs. natural), hook type (number of hooks, hook size, and barbs), season/temperature, water depth (depressurization), anatomical location of hook wound, and individual size. Although most hooking mortalities occur within 24 h, the use of initial plus delayed mortality provides a more complete estimate of mortality. Single hooks (especially when used in conjunction with natural baits) resulted in higher mortalities than treble hooks. Environmental conditions (notably high water temperature and low dissolved oxygen) are important to overall mortality related to hooking, playing, and handling. Mortalities were highly variable; occasionally exceeding 30% among red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), largemouth bass (M. salmoides), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and catfishes (Ictaluridae), and 68% among spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), crappies, (Pomoxis spp.), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and pikes (Esocidae) had mortalities under 15%. The many variables potentially affecting hooking mortality may make optimal management of particular species and water bodies difficult using regional-level (e.g., statewide) management regulations.

Myers, R.A. and S.M. Poarch. 2000. Effects of bait type and hooking location on post-release mortality of largemouth bass. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 54: 39-45.

Nelson, K. L. 1998. Catch-and-release mortality of striped bass in the Roanoke River, North Carolina. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18: 25-30.

Newman, D.L. and T.W. Storck. 1986. Angler catch, growth and hooking mortality of tiger muskellunge in small centrarchid-dominated impoundments. American Fisheries Society
Special Publication 15: 246-351.

Natural Research Consultants. 1989. Hooking mortality study. Saltonstall-Kennedy Project Quarterly Progress Report, Natural Resources Consultants NA89AB-H-00012.

Nuhfer, A.J. and G.R. Alexander. 1992. Hooking mortality of trophy-sized wild brook trout caught on artificial lures. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12: 634-644.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2003. 2000 Survey of recreational fishing in Ontario: a descriptive analysis. Peterborough, Ontario. 237 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Muskies Canada. 1999. Effective release techniques for muskellunge. Peterborough, Ontario. 7 p.

O’Neil, J. and R. Pattenden. 1992. Walleye mortality at four live-release tournaments in Alberta, 1991. R.L. & L. Environmental Services Ltd. Edmonton, Alberta, 49 p.

Orsi, J. A., A. C. Wertheimer, et al. (1993). "Influence of selected hook and lure type on catch, size, and mortality of commercially troll-caught chinook salmon." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(4): 709-722.
Abstract : Circle and J hooks of two sizes, plugs of two sizes, hootchies, and painted spoons were tested to determine their relationship to hook-and-release mortality of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Fewer chinook salmon and adult coho salmon O. kisutch were caught with circle hooks than with J hooks. Large J hooks caught more large chinook salmon than did small J hooks, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.10). Large plugs caught significantly (P lt 0.05) larger chinook salmon and fewer coho salmon and sublegal ( lt 66 cm fork length) chinook salmon than other lures tested. Wound distribution on chinook salmon varied (P lt 0.05) with hook type; circle hooks lodged in the periphery of the mouth more frequently than did J hooks. Results indicate that, in a directed coho salmon troll fishery, the use of circle hooks could reduce incidental mortality of chinook salmon but would substantially reduce coho salmon catch rate. In a quota-limited chinook salmon fishery, large plugs could be used to harvest larger fish selectively, thereby reducing encounters with sublegal fish.

Ott, R.A., Jr. and K.W. Storey. 1993. Channel catfish hooking mortality. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 45: 399-406.

Parks, J.O. and J.E. Kraai. 1991. Walleye hooking mortality at Lake Meredith. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Fisheries Division, Management Data Serial No. 52.

Pauley, G. B. and G. L. Thomas (1993). "Mortality of anadromous coastal cutthroat trout caught with artificial lures and natural bait." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(2): 337-345.
Abstract : The mortality of anadromous coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki taken by anglers with worm-baited hooks of four different sizes, spinners with single hooks, spinners with treble hooks, and spinners with treble hooks baited with worms was investigated on the Stillaguamish and Snohomish rivers in Washington. In all but two comparisons mortality of cutthroat trout was greater (P < 0.05) from the four sizes of worm-baited hooks (39.5-58.1%) than from the three different spinner treatments (10.5-23.8%). The probability of killing fish was greater (P < 0.05) when fish were hooked in either the gill (95.5%), tongue (66.7%), esophagus (65.5%), or eye (53.8%) than in other anatomical locations. A group of untagged fish that were caught on worm-baited hooks but hooked only in the jaw or mouth were used as control fish to evaluate tagging mortality. The mortality of the untagged group (7.4%) was not greater than the mortality of fish caught on all terminal gear types and hooked in the upper or lower jaw (5.8%), suggesting that mortality from tagging was not an important factor. Mortality was positively related to bleeding at the time of hooking. Hooking a fish in a critical anatomical part was the most important factor causing subsequent mortality.

Payer, R.D., R.B. Pierce and D.L. Pereira. 1989. Hooking mortality of walleyes caught on live and artificial baits. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9: 188-192.

Pelzman, R.J. 1978. Hooking mortality of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. California Fish and Game 64(3): 185-188.

Persons, S. E. and S. A. Hirsch (1994). "Hooking mortality of lake trout angled through ice by jigging and set -lining." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14(3): 664-668.
Abstract : Hooking mortality was determined for 96 lake trout Salvelinus namaycush caught through the ice by jigging and by set-lining with large dead baits on Gunflint Lake, Cook County, Minnesota, in January 199 1. The estimated mortality rate for all released lake trout was 24%; estimated mortality rates for lake trout caught by set-lining and jigging were 32 and 9%, respectively. Hooking location strongly influenced lake trout mortality. Mortalities of lake trout hooked in the gills or gut, inside the mouth, or in the lip were 36, 29, and 0%, respectively. Seventy percent of the lake trout caught by set-lining were hooked in the gills or gut, compared with 9% of the lake trout caught by jigging. The lack of mortality for lip -hooked lake trout suggested that capturing fish from deep water (25-50 ft), handling in cold temperatures (-20 to 20 degree F), fin-clipping, and cribbing had little-effect on mortality during the study. High hooking mortality rates for lake trout taken by set-lining suggested that the use of this fishing method should be restricted when management strategies require the release of winter-caught lake trout.

Rowe, R. and K. Esseltine. 2001. Post catch-and-release survival of Lake Nipissing walleye during ice fishing. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Draft Report. 14 p.

Rutledge, W.P. 1975. Hooking mortality study. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Final Report, Federal Aid Project, F-31-R1.

Rutledge, W.P. and D.L. Pritchard. 1977. Hooking mortality of largemouth bass captured by artificial lures and natural bait. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing as a Management Tool, pp. 103-107. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D. Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata, California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Savitz, J., N. L. G. Bardygula, et al. (1995). "Survival of smaller sport caught chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), salmon from Lake Michigan and its management implications." Fisheries Management and Ecology 2(1): 11-16.
Abstract : The survival of small-sized ( lt 50.8 cm) chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kitsutch (Walbaum), caught by sport fishing was determined to assess the potential for increasing the size limit for these fish. Fishermen were recently catching smaller salmon than in the 1970s, but salmon growth rates had not changed. To be an effective management option, the survival rate of hooked and returned fish must be high. The overall survival rates were high: 76% for chinook salmon and 70% for coho salmon.
There was no significant difference in survival of the coho salmon with size of hook used (P = 0.31). Any mortality among fish was generally acute; fish hooked deep in the mouth or gills generally bled and died shortly after capture. Fish hooked in the gills had a significantly greater mortality (P = 0.0002). The overall high survival rate for these species was the result of a small proportion of fish being hooked in the gills or deep in the mouth. Since the survival rate of the salmon was high, the size limit could be increased to allow smaller fish to grow to sizes preferred by sport fishermen.

Schaefer, W.F. 1989. Hooking mortality of walleyes in a northwestern Ontario Lake. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9: 193-194.

Schaeffer, J.S. and E.M. Hoffman. 2002. Performance of barbed and barbless hooks in a marine recreational fishery. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22: 229-235.

Schill, D. J. (1991). River and Stream Investigations: Statewide Data Summary, Statewide Population Simulations/Bull Trout Aging and Enumeration/Hagerman Bait-Hooking Study/Electrophoresis Sampling Guidelines, Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game. Job Performance Report. Period Covered: 1 March 1990
Abstract : Existing fishery and population data were summarized for a variety of Idaho wild trout fisheries. Simulations were used to describe the potential stock structure of unexploited populations over a range of Idaho growth; the effect of 12 regulations over a range of Idaho growth rates were simulated. A pilot study was conducted to compare trout ages derived from scales and otoliths, and three methods for estimating bull trout densities and size structure were compared. A study was conducted at the Hagerman State Fish Hatchery to evaluate a method of minimizing bait-hooking mortality. Literature was reviewed and several genetics experts were contacted to develop guidelines for electrophoresis sampling in Idaho.

Schill, D. J. (1996). "Hooking mortality of bait-caught rainbow trout in an Idaho trout stream and a hatchery: Implications for special-regulation management." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16(2): 348-356.
Abstract : Mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss caught and released by anglers using number 8 worm-baited hooks was investigated during 1990-1991 at the Hagerman (Idaho) State Fish Hatchery and within a 2-km segment of Badger Creek, Idaho. Cutting the line on deephooked rainbow trout reduced postrelease mortality by 36% in the hatchery and 58% in the wild during observations of 60 and 29-34 d, respectively. Seventy-four percent of hatchery rainbow trout and 60% of wild rainbow trout that had been hooked deeply and released by cutting the line shed hooks during the same periods. There were no significant differences (P gt 0.05) in condition factors among surviving control, light-hooked, and deep-hooked hatchery rainbow trout. Seventeen percent of 281 wild rainbow trout on Badger Creek were hooked in the gills or esophagus. Overall, hooking mortality was estimated to be 16% for wild rainbow trout. No significant differences in the incidence of deep hooking were observed between small (lt 200 mm total length) and large ( gtoreq 200 mm) wild rainbow trout (P gt 0.05). The frequency of deep hooking was associated with the type of stream habitat where hooking occurred (P lt 0.02) and was higher for catches on a "slack line" than a "tight line" (P lt 0.001). These data suggest that stream locations where bait anglers actually catch fish and the general habitat characteristics of a stream could influence bait-related hooking mortality. Other factors that could influence the compatibility of bait fishing and special-regulation fisheries for salmonids include natural mortality rates, the degree of participationin such fisheries by bait anglers, and the proportion of bait anglers that cut the leader on ddep -hooked fish prior to release. Depending on management goals, bait fishing may be compatible with special-regulation fisheries for salmonids in more situations than is commonly believed.

Schill, D. J. and R. L. Scarpella (1997). "Barbed hook restrictions in catch-and-release trout fisheries: A social issue." North American Journalof Fisheries Management 17(4): 873-881.
Abstract : We summarized results of past studies that directly compared hooking mortality of resident (nonanadromous) salmonids caught and released with barbed or barbless hooks. Barbed hooks produced lower hooking mortality in two of four comparisons with flies and in three of five comparisons with lures. Only 1 of 11 comparisons resulted in statistically significant differences in hooking mortality. In that instance, barbless baited hooks caused significantly less mortality than barbed hooks, but experimented design concerns limited the utility of this finding. Mean hooking mortality rates from past lure studies were slightly higher for barbed hooks than barbless ones, but the opposite was true for flies. For flies and lures combined, mean hooking mortality was 4.5% for barbed hooks and 4.2% for barbless hooks. Combination of test statistics from individual studies by gear type via meta-analysis yielded nonsignificant results for barbed versus barbless flies, lures, or flies and lures combined. We conclude that the use of barbed or barbless flies or lures plays no role in subsequent mortality of trout caught and released by anglers. Because natural mortality rates for wild trout in streams commonly range from 30% to 65% annually, a 0.3% mean difference in hooking mortality for the two hook types is irrelevant at the population level, even when fish are subjected to repeated capture. Based on existing mortality studies, there is no biological basis for barbed hook restrictions in artificial fly and lure fisheries for resident trout. Restricting barbed hooks appears to be a social issue. Managers proposing new special regulations to the angling public should consider the social costs of implementing barbed hook restrictions that produce no demonstrable biological gain.

Schill, D.J., J.S. Griffith and R.E. Gresswell. 1986. Hooking mortality of cutthroat trout in a catch-and-release segment of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6: 226-232.

Schisler, G. J. and E. P. Bergersen (1996). "Postrelease hooking mortality of rainbow trout caught on scented artificial baits." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16(3): 570-578.
Abstract : The postrelease mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss caught on scented artificial baits was compared with postrelease mortalities of rainbow trout caught on traditional artificial flies. In all, 457 fish were captured on flies, 505 on artificial baits fished actively (ABA), and 511 on artificial baits fished passively (ABP) in five replicate experiments. Water temperature, fish length, time played, time out of water, hook location, leader treatment, and bleeding intensity were recorded for each fish captured. Mortalities were recorded daily over a 3-week holding period. Overall mortalities were 3.9% for fly-caught fish, 21.6% for fish caught on ABA, and 32.1% for fish caught on ABP. Differential mortality among gear types resulted largely from differences in the number of fish hooked in the gill arches or deep in the esophagus (critically hooked) in each group. Overall, critical bookings were 3.9% for the fly-caught group, 45.7% for the ABA group, and 78.3% for the ABP group. The Akaike Information Criterion, a model selection procedure, was used to develop a logistical regression model that best fit the mortality data. Parameters that reduced mortality probability include using flies rather than synthetic baits, hooking the fish in a noncritical location, and cutting the leader on critically hooked fish. In addition, as fish length increased, mortality probability decreased. Length of time played and length of time out of water contributed to mortality, as did increasing water temperatures and bleeding intensity.

Schramm, H.L., Jr., P.J. Haydt and N.A. Bruno. 1985. Survival of tournament-caught largemouth bass in two Florida lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5: 606-611.

Schramm, H.L., Jr., P.J. Haydt and K.M. Portier. 1987. Evaluation of pre-release, post-release, and total mortality of largemouth bass caught during tournaments in two Florida lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7: 394-402.

Seidensticker, E.P. 1977. Mortality of largemouth bass for two tournaments using a "Don't Kill Your Catch" program. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing as a Management Tool, pp. 99-102. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D. Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata, California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Shetter, D.S. and L.N. Allison. 1955. Comparison of mortality between fly-hooked and worm- hooked trout in Michigan streams. Michigan Department of Conservation, Institute Fisheries Research Miscellaneous Publication No. 9.

Shetter, D.S. and L.N. Allison. 1958. Mortality of trout caused by hooking with artificial lures in Michigan waters. Michigan Department of Conservation, Institute for Fisheries Research Miscellaneous Publication. No. 12.

Siewert, H.F. and J.B. Cave. 1990. Survival of released bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, caught on artificial flies, worms, and spinner lures. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 5(4): 407-411.

Smith, I. 2001. How to make a cradle release for muskie. Ontario Out of Doors, March: 20-22.

Strange, D. 2003. Through-the-gill hook removal. In-Fisherman 28(6): 6-8.

Stringer, G.E. 1967. Comparative hooking mortality using three types of terminal gear on rainbow trout from Pennask Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Fish Culturist 39: 17-21.

Suski, C.D., S.S. Killen, S.J. Cooke, J.D. Kieffer, D.P. Philipp and B.L. Tufts. 2004. Physiological significance of the weigh-in during live-release angling tournaments for largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133: 1291-1303.

Suski, C.D., J.H. Svec, J.B. Ludden, F.J.S. Phelan and D.P. Philipp. 2003. The effect of catch-and-release angling on the parental care behaviour of male smallmouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 210-218.

Taylor, M. J. and K. R. White (1992). "A meta-analysis of hooking mortality of nonanadromous trout." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12(4): 760-767.
Abstract : The results of 18 studies of hooking mortality of nonanadromous trout were integrated with meta-analysis. Studies were coded for all variables suspected of having a relationship to rates of hooking mortality. The analysis showed that trout caught on bait died at higher rates than trout caught on artificial flies or lures, that fish caught on barbed hooks had higher mortality rates than fish caught on barbless hooks, that brown trout Salmo trutta had lower mortality rates than other species of nonanadromous trout, and that wild trout died at higher rates than hatchery-reared trout. Other variables, including size of hooks, number of hooks, and water temperature, did not show a statistically significant relationship to hooking mortality. The results of this
review should assist fisheries management agencies in refining and developing policies regarding fisheries regulations.

Tilyou, G.A. and C.E. Hoenke. 1992. Evaluation of unattended yo-yos and triggers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 46: 505-509.

Titus, R.G. and C.D. Vanicek. 1988. Comparative hooking mortality of lure-caught lahontan cutthroat trout at Heenan Lake, California. California Fish and Game 74(4): 218-225.

Tufts, B.L., Y. Lang, K. Tufts and R.G. Boutilier. 1991. Exhaustive exercise in "wild" Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): acid-base regulation and blood gas transport. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 868-874.

Turek, S. M. and M. T. Brett (1997). "Comment: Trout mortality from baited barbed and barbless hooks (and reply)." North American Journal ofFisheries Management 17(3): 807.

Vincent, L. D., M. Alexandersdottir, et al. (1993). "Mortality of coho salmon caught and released using sport tackle in the Little SusitnaRiver, Alaska." Fisheries Research Amsterdam 15(4): 339-356.
Abstract : Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were caught with sport gear in the estuary of the Little Susitna River, southcentral Alaska (USA). Fish were double marked and released. All coho salmon observed migrating through a weir above the estuary and a portion caught in a sport fishery below the weir were examined for marks. A second group of coho salmon were caught using similar sport gear above the estuary. These fish were handled and marked identically as the fish captured in the estuary, except that they were held in a holding pen at the weir with an equal number of coho salmon dip netted at the weir. Coho salmon which were caught and released in the estuary suffered a significantly higher rate of mortality (69%) than did either the coho salmon caught and held above the estuary (12%) or those which were dip netted and held at the weir (1%). Factors that could influence rates of hook-induced mortality were measured at the time of hooking. Hook location, hook removal, and bleeding significantly affected the measured mortality rate.

Warner, K. 1976. Hooking mortality of landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar in a hatchery environment. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105: 365-369.

Warner, K. 1978. Mortality of lake-dwelling landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107: 518-522.

Warner, K. 1979. Mortality of landlocked Atlantic salmon hooked on four types of fishing gear at the hatchery. Progressive Fish Culturist 41: 99-102.

Warner, K. and P.R. Johnson. 1978. Mortality of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hooked on flies and worms in a river nursery area. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107: 772-775.

Weidlein, W.D. 1989. Mortality of released sublegal-sized smallmouth bass, catch-and-release implications. In: Catch-and-Release Fishing – A Decade of Experience, pp 217-228. (Barnhart, R.A. and T.D. Roelofs, Eds.). Arcata, California: Humboltd State University, California Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

Welborn, T.L., Jr., and J.H. Barkley. 1974. Study on the survival of tournament released bass on Ross R. Barnett Reservoir, April 1973. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Agencies 27: 512-519.

Wertheimer, A., A. Celewycz, H. Jaenicke, D. Mortensen and J. Orsi. 1989. Size-related hooking mortality of incidentally caught chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Marine Fisheries Review 51(2): 28-35.

Wertheimer, A.C. 1988. Hooking mortality of chinook salmon released by commercial trollers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8: 346-355.

Wilde, G.R. 1998. Tournament-associated mortality in black bass. Fisheries 23(10): 12-22.

Wilde, G.R., M.I. Muoneke, P.W. Bettoli, K.L. Nelson and B.T. Hysmith. 2000. Bait and temperature effects on striped bass hooking mortality in freshwater. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20: 810-815.

Wilkie, M.P., M.A. Brobbel, K. Davidson, L. Forsyth and B.L. Tufts. 1997. Influences of temperature upon the post-exercise physiology of Atlantic salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 503-511.

Wydoski, R.S., G.A. Wedemeyer and N.C. Nelson. 1976. Physiological response to hooking stress in hatchery and wild rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 5: 601-606.